Table 4 Summary of less utilized targeting techniques for HCC
Targeting Ligand (Conjugated Moiety) | Receptor (Receptor Classification) | Drug | Materials used | Nanocarrier | In vitro | In vivo | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cholic Acid (DSPE-PEG) | Cholic acid transporters (Small molecule receptors) | DOX Silybin | Lipoid® Cholesterol | Liposomes | HepG2 HCC97H H9c2 H22 | Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in healthy mice H22 tumor bearing mice HepG2 tumor bearing mice | [338] |
Fucoidan (DSPE-PEG2000-Amine) | P-selectin receptor (Small molecule receptors) | DOX 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-L-lactate (microwave sensitizer) | DPPC Cholesterol | Liposomes | HepG2 H22 | H22 tumor bearing mice | [339] |
Lysine (Polyoxyethylene 40 stearate) | Amino acid transporter ATB0,+ -also called SLC6A14- (Small molecule receptors) | Docetaxel | Soybean phospholipids Cholesterol | Liposomes | HepG2 H22 L929 | H22 tumor bearing mice | [340] |
AMD3100 | CXCR4 receptor (Small molecule receptors) | SOR | DOPA d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) PLGA | Lipid coated PLGA nanoparticles | HCA-1 JHH-7 | orthotopic HCA-1 tumors in mice | [341] |
NK4 (DSPE-PEG2000-Mal) | c-Met receptor (Protein receptors) | 10-Hydroxy-camptothecin | Soybean phospholipids Cholesterol | Liposomes | HepG2 | Pharmacokinetics in healthy rats Tissue distribution in healthy mice | [342] |
DT7 peptide—retro inverse analogue of LT7 peptide- (DSPE-PEG2000) | Transferrin receptor -also called CD71 [46]- (Protein receptors) | Docetaxel | HSPC Cholesterol DSPE-PEG2000 | Liposomes | HepG2 | Pharmacokinetics in healthy mice HepG2 tumor bearing mice | [343] |
Carbonic anhydrase IX antibody (DSPE-PEG2000-Mal) BR2 peptide (DSPE-PEG2000-Mal) | Carbonic anhydrase IX receptor (Protein receptors) Cell penetrating peptide [344] (Peptides) | Cantharidin | Soybean lecithin DSPE-PEG2000 | Liposomes | HepG2 | Orthotopic HepG2 tumor model in mice | [345] |
BR2 peptide (DSPE-PEG2000-Mal) | Cell penetrating peptide (Peptides) | Cantharidin | Soybean lecithin DSPE-PEG2000 | Liposomes | HepG2 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice | [346] |
Octreotide peptide (Polyethylene glycol 100 monostearate) | Somatostatin receptor (Peptides) | Hydroxy-camptothecine | Soybean phospholipids Trilaurin Labrafac® CC Vitamin E Glycerol | Nanostructured Lipid Carriers | L02 SMMC-7721 | Pharmacokinetics in healthy rats | [347] |
Glutathione (DOPE) | γ-glutamyltrans-peptidase (Peptides) | DOX | HSPC Cholesterol | Liposomes | Huh7 HUVEC ECDHCC NIH/3T3 BxPC3 | Huh7 tumor bearing mice BxPC3 tumor bearing mice | [348] |
G12 peptide (DSPE-PEG2000-Mal) | Glypican-3 (Peptides) | SOR IR780 iodide | Egg phosphatidyl-choline Cholesterol | Liposomes | HepG2 HL-7702 H22 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice H22 tumor bearing mice | [349] |
GPC3 peptide (DSPE-PEG2000-biotin) | Glypican-3 (Peptides) | Apatinib | DSPC DSPE-PEG2000 Perfluoro-propane | Nanobubble (ultrasound destructible) | HepG2 | - | [350] |