Fig. 4

Induction of oral dysplastic lesions. A Representative images of isolated tongues at different administration time points. B Representative images of H&E staining of tongue tissue specimens of SD rats at week 16, including a Simple oral leukoplakia, b Oral leukoplakia with mild dysplasia, c Oral leukoplakia with mild-to-moderate dysplasia, d Oral leukoplakia with severe dysplasia (Scale bar = 200 μm). C H&E-stained histological images of major organs were collected after 16 weeks with/without 4NQO treatment (Scale bar = 200 μm). D In vivo infrared thermal images of rats under laser irradiation at different time intervals after intralesional injection with PBS/ALA/ITIC-Th NPs. Circles indicate the oral leukoplakia area at the base of the tongue. E The tongue's temperature evolution was measured in (D). (n = 4, mean ± SD)