Table 2 Various examples of advanced prototypes of MSNs for bioimaging

Single-mode

T1-MRI

MnOx-HMSNs

200

4.4

MnOx

Rats

[459]

MRI

fmSiO₄@SPIONs

50

2.8

SPIONs

Mice

[345]

T1 MRI

mSiO₂@GGO NPLNPs

50

–

Cr³⁺, Nd³⁺, Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂

Kunming mice, BALB/c mice

[347]

T1/T2 MRI

MnFe₂O₄@ mSiO₂

50

2.4

MnFe₂O₄

Kunming mice

[344]

T1/T2 MRI

Fe₃O₄@MnO/mSiO₂

45

2.5

Fe₃O₄@MnO

–

[460]

Dual-mode

T1/T2 MRI, FL

Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂

45–105

2–3

FITC, RITC

Balb/c mice

[15]

T2 MRI, FL

Fe₃O₄-MSN

70 ± 6

2.3

FITC, RITC

Balb/c mice

[461]

PET, CT

⁸⁹Zr-labelled MSNs

180

8

⁸⁹Zr

SCID mice

[366]

FL, T1 MRI

MSN@QDs

101.2

3.9

Mn-doped

ZnSe QDs

Balb/c mice

[182]

UCL, CT

UCNPs@mSiO₂-POM @FC

120

–

Yb

Kunming mice

[462]

FL, PAI

17AAG@HMONs-

Gem-PEG

60

–

ICG

Balb/c mice

[463]

TPF,

T2 MRI

Fe₃O₄@CDs@mSiO₂

@PTX@mSiO₂

91

2.9

Fe₃O₄, CDs

Balb/c mice

[464]

T2 MRI, PL

CoFe₂O₄@mSiO₂

52

8

-

–

[465]

T1 MRI, FL

MS‐Gd₂O₃:Eu@PEG

190 in length, 70 in width

 ~ 4

Gd₂O₃

–

[211]

T2 MRI, FL

Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂

-CD-FA

100–150

4.72

CD, Fe₃O₄

–

[466]

T1 MRI, PL

GdVO₄:Eu³⁺@mSiO₂

75

3.3

GdVO₄, Eu³⁺

–

[361]

¹⁹F MRI, FL

Au-FMSNs

 ~ 100

 < 1.2

Au, C₆F₆, FITC

–

[467]

T2 MRI, FL

MSN-Gd

 > 75

1.4–2.9

Gd³⁺

–

[468]

UCL, PAI

UCNP@mSiO₂-ICG

 ~ 60

–

Nd, Er, ICG

ND4 Swiss Webster mice

[270]

T2 MRI, CT

M-MSN(Dox/Ce6)/

PEM/P-gp shRNA

280 ± 17

2.482

Fe₃O₄-Au

Balb/c mice

[264]

T1 MRI, UCL

NaYF4: Yb/Er@NaGdF4@

SiO₂@mSiO₂

240–265

2.23, 4.01

Gd

Balb/c mice

[469]

T1 MRI, FL

Gd-Al@MSNs

57

2.5

Gd-Al, Cy5

Balb/c mice, Kunming mice

[470]

UCL, CT

Y₂O₃:Yb, Er@mSiO₂

340

4.6

Y₂O₃:Yb,

Er

Balb/c mice

[471]

FL, CT

A-AuNC@PAA/mSiO₂

120

2

Au

Balb/c mice

[472]

MRI, UCL

β‐NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ @β‐NaGdF₄:Yb³⁺@mSiO₂

78

2.9

β‐NaYF₄:

Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ @β‐NaGdF₄:

Yb³⁺

Kunming mice

[473]

T1 MRI, UCL

MUCNCs@SNTs

95 in wall thickness

5

NaYF4:Yb/

Er/Gd

–

[474]

T2 MRI, FL

Hydrazine-MSN-

FITC-Fe₃O₄-PEG

–

–

Fe₃O₄, FITC

–

[353]

Multi-mode

FL, MRI, CT

WS₂-IO@MS-PEG

–

2.48

WS₂, Iron oxide

Balb/c mice

[141]

PAI, PET, FL

CuSNDs@DOX-MSNs

100

6

CuSNDs

Nude mice

[475]

US, CT, PAI, Thermal

HMSs@Au-PFH-mPEG NSs

200

3.8

Au

Balb/c mice

[374]

T2 MRI, FL Thermal

Au-NRs-MMSNEs

300 × 180

2–3.5

Au, Fe₃O₄

SD mice

[142]

PT, FL, T1 MRI

RGD-CCmMC

116.5

2.9 ± 0.3

Mn-Cdots, gold cube-in-cube

Balb/c mice

[476]

T2 MRI, US, FL

mSiO₂-MNPs

9.4 ± 1.2

2, 4

Fe₃O₄, FITC

–

[370]

TPL, TPEF, FL, PAI, PT

GNR@mSiO₂-5-FU

54.14 ± 4.39 in length and 15.87 ± 1.28 in width, a shell of 19.85 ± 1.67

GNRs, ICG

Balb/c mice

[477]

SR‐STXM, CT, T1 MRI, PA

Au@SiO₂(Gd)@HA

232.7

–

Gd

Balb/c mice

[346]

T2 MRI, PAI, BL

GRMNBs

130

2.1

Au, Fe₃O₄

C57BL/6 mice

[371]

PAI, MRI, FL

Au@SiO₂

200

4.6

AuQDs

CD1 mice

[478]

UCL, CT, PT,

T1/T2 MRI

GdOF: Ln@SiO₂–

ZnPc-CDs-FA

293

3.53

GdOF, ZnPc, CDs

Balb/c mice

[479]

T1 MR, CT, UCL

UCMSNs

-

3.1

Yb3⁺, Gd³⁺

Balb/c mice

[273]

T1 MRI, PET, FL

MSN@Gd@⁶⁴Cu

 ~ 60

-

Gd³⁺, ⁶⁴Cu, FITC

Balb/c mice

[358]

T1 MRI, FL, US

MSN-Gd

384 ± 134 nm

4.1 ± 1.1 nm

GdCl₃, Fluorescein

nude mice

[480]

US, CEUS,

T2 MRI

Fe-HSNs

200.3 ± 15.2

6.03

-

C57BL mice, ApoE-/- mice

[368]

T2 MRI, CT, FL

i-fmSiO₄@SPIONs

50

2.7

Fe₃O₄

–

[373]