Scheme 1

Schematic representation of the CS-AgNps@PAAm-Gelatin-ETT assembly process and its antibacterial and antifouling mechanism. PVC substrate was pretreated with benzophenone (BP), and then PAAm and gelatin were employed to form an interpenetrating network structure, in which the CS-AgNPs nanocomposites were uniformly distributed to achieve dual antibacterial and antifouling effects, and effectively prevent the occlusion of traditional PVC-ETTs and the incidence of VAP