Fig. 3
From: The advances in nanomedicine for bone and cartilage repair
Nanotechnologies in bone repair. A The introduction of nanoparticles can effectively improve the structural properties of the hydrogel network with enhanced mechanical properties, while imparting stimulus responsiveness. B The ECM of bone tissues mainly consist of highly ordered collagen nanofibers and nanocrystalline HA. C Three essential elements of nanocomposite scaffold-mediated bone regeneration and the cellular composition of bone tissue. D Generating nano-surface features on metallic implants through surface modification to enhance the adsorption of proteins as well as adhesion of osteoblasts, thus promoting osteogenesis