Fig. 8

PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticles (BRNPs) can protect transplanted islet cells from inflammation-related oxidative stress. Excessive ROS molecules could be produced by transplanted islets upon cell damage. These ROS molecules recruit inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages and produce more ROS and cytokines, which forms a positive feedback loop. BRNPs can inhibit this process through scavenging the ROS molecules and show satisfying therapeutic effects. Reprinted with permission [136].