Table 3 Interaction between nanoparticles and lymphocytes

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) NPs

Ovalbumin antigen

Inducing Th2-related immune tolerance

Allergic airway inflammation

[108]

PLG NPs

Myelin antigen

Inducing Th/Th17-related immune tolerance

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)

[109]

Pegylated iron oxide NPs

Autoimmune disease-relevant peptides-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) molecules

Inducing Treg cell expansion

Non-obese diabetes (NOD); EAE; collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)

[111]

Gold NPs

Autoimmune disease-relevant peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules

Inducing Treg cell expansion

NOD

[112]

Gold NPs

(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE), β cell antigen proinsulin

Inducing tolerogenic phenotype in dendritic cells; inducing differentiation and expansion of FoxP3⁺ Treg cells

NOD

[110]

PLGA NPs

Mannan/ApoB peptide

Inducing Foxp3⁺ Treg cell expansion

Allergic airway inflammation

[114]

Curcumin NPs

–

Inducing Treg cell expansion; modulating gut microbiota

Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

[116]

Gold NPs

Methotrexate (MTX)

Depleting auto-reactive T cells

Psoriasis

[121]

PEGylated PLGA NPs

Eggmanone

Inhibiting CD4⁺ T cells

Rheumatic diseases

[123]

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) NPs

Tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) antibody

Inhibiting CD4⁺ T cells

OVA-induced lung inflammation

[125]

Siglec-engaging Tolerance-inducing Antigenic Liposomes (STALs)

CD22, synthetic citrullinated antigen

Inhibiting auto-reactive B cells

Rheumatoid arthritis

[128]

Poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs

Synthetic citrullinated peptide, complement-activating lytic peptide

Depleting auto-reactive B cells

Rheumatoid arthritis

[129]

Iron-oxide NPs

Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody

Depleting auto-reactive B cells

Multiple sclerosis

[130]