Table 2 Biosensing and bioimaging applications of MOF-NZs

Colorimetric

 Fe-MIL-88NH₂

Glucose

0.48 μM

2 -300 μM

[104]

 Fe-MIL-88A

Thrombin

 < 10 nM

10–80 nM

[105]

 Fe-MIL-88FA

Acid Ascorbic

15 μM

30–1030 μM

[106]

 RIgG@Cu-MOF

mIgG

0.34 ng/mL

0–100 ng/mL

[107]

 Ni-hemin MOFs

Breast cancer

10 cells/mL

50–10⁵ cells/mL

[108]

 Zr-MOF-ssDNA-AuNP

Infertility

90%

unknown

[109]

Electrochemical

 Au@Pt/MIL-53-HRP/hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme

COVID-19

8.33 pg/mL

0.025–50 ng/mL

[110]

 Fe₃O₄@UiO-66/Au@PtNP

Cardiac troponin I

5.7 pg/mL

0.01–100 ng/mL

[111]

 PdNPs@Fe-MIL-88NH₂

miR-122 (liver injury)

0.003 fM

0.01 fM-10 pM

[73]

 MB@DNA/UiO-66-NH₂

Carcino-embryonic antigen

16 fg/mL

50 fg/mL-10 ng/mL

[112]

 Zr-UiO-66-2NH₂/ PO₄-Apt

Breast cancer

31 cell/mL

10²–10⁴ cell/mL

[113]

 cDNA/CoNi-MOFs

miRNA-126

0.14 fM

–

[100]

Fluorescent

 Cu-MOF-199

Thiamine

1 μM

4–700 μM

[114]

 MIL-53(Fe)

Glucose

 < 7.54 nM

0.5–24 μM

[115]

 MIL-53(Fe)

Alkaline phosphatase

0.7 U L

2–80 U/L

[116]

 ssDNA/ZIF-8/Ag nano-clusters

miRNA

Ultrasensitive

0.175–500 pM

[117]

 NH2-Cu-MOF

Hypoxanthine

3.93 μM

10–2000 μM

[118]

 CuBDC nano-structure

Pyrophosphate

0.6 mU·mL

1–50 mU/mL

[119]

SERS

 MOFs@Au tetrapode@TB/Ab

Acute pulmonary embolism

0.75 fg/mL

1 fg/mL-1 ng/mL

[120]

 MOF@TB@cDNA Y-junction

ATP

0.4 nM

1–200 nM

[121]

 AgNPs/MIL-101(Fe)/ABTS

Dopamine

0.32 pM

1.05 pM- 210 nM

[122]

 Au@Hexaphosphate@MIL-101

Methenamine

5.0 × 10^–10 M

3.16 × 10^–6- 1.0 × 10^–8 M

[123]

 Cu₂O@SiO₂@ZIF-8@Ag

Polyaromatic structures

5.7 × 10^–12 mol/L

Unknown

[124]

 AuNPs@MIL-101@Lactate Oxidase

Lactate

5 μM

100–200 μM

[125]

Chemiluminescence

 MIL-100 (Fe)/Apt

α-fetoprotein

7.7 × 10⁻¹¹ g/L

1 × 10⁻¹⁰–3 × 10⁻⁵ g/L

[126]

 Hemin@HKUST-1

Glucose

50 μM

75–1000 μM

[127]

 NH₂–MIL–101(Al) MOFs

Fluoride ion

0.05 μmol/L

0.5–80 μmol/L

[128]

 Ru@MOFs/CNT-Ferrocene

m⁶A-RNA

0.0003 nM

0.001–10 nM

[129]

 Tb@Zn–MOFs

Alkaline phosphatase

0.05 mU/mL

0.1–70 mU/mL

[130]

 Au&Pt@UiO-66

Protein kinase A

0.009 U/mL

0.01–0.25 U/mL

[131]

Bioimaging

 ICG-CpG@ MIL101-NH₂

Photoacoustic imaging and MRI methods

Breast cancer (4T1)

[132]

 Gd-BTC-MOF@SiO₂-¹⁰B

MRI method

Solid tumors

[133]

 ¹⁷⁷Lutetium-PCN-PEG

CT method

Breast cancer

[134]

 FeN200@GOx@M

US method

Ovarian cancer

[135]

 ⁶⁴Cu-DOX-AZIF-8

PET and CT methods

Breast cancer (4T1)

[136]

MIL-101(Fe)@sorafenib

MRI method

Hepatocellular carcinoma

[137]

 DOX@GNRs-MSNs-HA

MRI, Photoacoustic imaging and CT methods

Breast cancer (4T1/MCF-7)

[138]