Fig. 5

EXO-Hep improved neuronal mitochondrial function by enhancing the transfer of healthy astrocytic mitochondria into neurons. A Images of location of astrocytic mitochondria (red) in neurons. The scale bar is 25 μm. B Confocal images of fusion between astrocyte mitochondria (red) and neuronal mitochondria (green). The scale bar is 100 μm. C ROS, ATP and JC-1 determination in OGD stimulated SH-SY5Y cells treated with Mito/AS, Mito/A1-AS, Mito/A1-AS(Hep), Mito/A1-AS(EXO) and Mito/A1-AS(EXO-Hep). The relative ratio of intracellular ATP in OGD stimulated SH-SY5Y cells was determined by calculating the ratio of level of ATP in OGD stimulated SH-SY5Y cells treated with Mito/AS, Mito/A1-AS, Mito/A1-AS(Hep), Mito/A1-AS(EXO) and Mito/A1-AS(EXO-Hep) to level of ATP in OGD stimulated SH-SY5Y cells treated with Mito/AS. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3), **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. D Mito Tracker Red staining images of OGD stimulated SH-SY5Y cells treated with Mito/AS, Mito/A1-AS, Mito/A1-AS (Hep), Mito/A1-AS (EXO) and Mito/A1-AS (EXO-Hep). The scale bar is 100 μm. E The mitochondrial membrane integrity of OGD stimulated SH-SY5Y cells treated with Mito/AS, Mito/A1-AS, Mito/A1-AS (Hep), Mito/A1-AS (EXO) and Mito/A1-AS (EXO-Hep) was analyzed by determining the expression of TOM20 and cytochrome c in mitochondria of OGD stimulated SH-SY5Y cells, and the mitochondrial reference VDAC was used as a control. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3),*P < 0.05