Fig. 3

DHA@MIL-101 NRs facilitated DNA and mitochondria damage of Lewis cells. A Schematic illustration of DNA and mitochondria damage by DHA@MIL-101 NRs sourced ROS and LPO. B, C Lewis cells were incubated with DHA, MIL-101 NRs and DHA@MIL-101 NRs respectively. Comet experiments were applied to detect the DNA double-strand breaks (DDSB). The tail moment length was analyzed quantitatively via randomly selected cells. D The expression of p53 and γ-H2A.X, which are biomarkers of DNA damage, was assayed by WB. E The expression of cGAS, STING, which indicates DNA damage response (DDR), was assayed by WB. F The nuclear-translocation of NF-κB, which is direct evidence of NF-κB activation, was assayed by immunofluorescent staining. G Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected using a JC-1 probe with confocal microscopy. H The morphology of mitochondria was observed with TEM. All values are means ± SD (n = 3, * p < 0.05)