Table 1 Blood half-lives (t_1/2) of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with the different types of molecules following their intravenous injection into mammal models

4-6/NA¹

USPIO

Dextran

Rats

15

2 h

MRI of spinal cord

[233]

5/30

USPIO sinerem

Dextran

Rats

11.2

4 h 30 min

Tumor MRI

[234]

NA/15

Fractionated Feridex

Dextran

Rabbits

4.8

15.9 h

MR imaging for atherosclerosis

[235]

NA/50-80

Amino-dextran SPIO-micromod

Dextran 20 kDa

Mice

4

5-60 min

Protein absorption analysis

[236]

3-5/60-80

Resovist (SHU 555 C, ferucarbotran)

Carboxydextran

Rats

5.6

56 ± 17 min

Imaging of inflammatory bowel disease

[237]

30/30-70

Nanoworms

Dextran-PEG²

Mice

3

16–19 h

Tumor targeting

[67]

7/NA

NA

Chitosan-chlorotoxin-cy5.5

Mice

6.67³

7–8 h

Cancer targeting and imaging/NIR fluorescence scanner for half-blood life

[24]

70/NA

NA

Silica + PEG

Rats

5.7

2.5 h

General MRI

[20]

12/NA and 15/NA

MF66 and OD15

DMSA⁴

Pigs

0.5 -2

15 min

Breast and pancreatic cancer

[238]

NA/46 and 53

PDS1 and PDS8

Dextran-PEG

Mice

100

< 1 h

NA

[239]

NA/29

NA

EDT⁵

Mice

5

6 min

Brain targeting

[232]

NA/65

NA

Dextran

Mice

2

150 min

Tumor targeting

[224]

5-10/194

SPIO-alginate

Alginate

Rats

6.1212.23

0.25 h0.59 h

MR liver imaging

[134]

5/15-50

Ferumoxtran-10 (USPIO, AMI-227)

Dextran

Humans

2.6

> 24 h

MRI for detection in lymph nodes

[50]

5/62-80

Ferumoxides (SSPIO, AMI-25, SHU 555 A)

Dextran/Carboxydextran

Humans

1.16 – 11.6

3.9 – 8 min

MRI for metastatic lesion detection in liver

[48]

10/NA35/NA

LUSPIOLSPIO

PEGgylated lipid

Mice

3.9

1.41 h1.01 h

Imaging of oxidation-specific epitopes within the arterial wall

[40]

5.6/12

NC100150

Oxidized starch

Humans

1, 2 and 5

2-3 h⁶

Positive-contrastMR angiography

[227]

7/74.9

PC SPION

Oleic acid/Encapsulation into phosphatidylo-cholinemicelles 

Rats

0.15

10 h

MRI contrast agents/drug delivery

[226]

26/78

LS-008

PMAO⁷-PEG

Rats

5

4.2 h

MPI tracer

[170]

3.2/116.2

NA

PEG-cysteine

Rats

NA

6.2 h

T₁-weighted MR imaging

[88]

NA/34.1-35.9

IONP-ICG

Dextran-ICG⁸-PEG

Mice

55.8

164-197 min

Imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques

[228]

NA/50

MNP-VEGF⁹@Dox¹⁰

Albumin-PEG-VEGF@Dox

Rats

5

14.6 h

Targeted theranostics of breast cancer

[89]

9/16

BFNPs

Fluorescent carbon

Mice

3.33³

1.36 h

Photothermal therapy for tumor treatment

[229]

8-12/30

RGD10-NGR9-USPIO

Dextran-RGD10-NGR9-peptides

Mice

25

6.2 h

MRI of tumor angiogenesis

[230]

30-35/94

MNP@PES-Cy7/2-DG

Poly(4-styrenesulfona-te)-Cyanine7/2-deoxyglucose-polyethylene glycol

Mice

NA (0.075 mg NPs per mouse)

1.61–2.07 h¹¹16.2–24.56 h¹²

Trimodality imaging-guided intracellular photo-magnetic hyperthermia therapy

[240]

5/140-230¹³

Raspberry SPIONs

Oleic acid/GCPQ¹⁴

Mice

32.5

28.3 min

MRI contrast agents

[97]

14/40

IONP@PMSEA¹⁵

Oleic acid/PMSEA

Rats

10

5.15 h

Potential delivery agents for therapeutics and diagnostics

[94]

11/22

Fe₃O₄-PEG-5Ab¹⁶

PEG-5Ab

Mice

10

6.96 h

Targeted imaging and enhanced treatment of NHL¹⁷

[241]

NA/64

MCP¹⁸-PEG10K

PEG 10 kDa

Rats

2.795.59

1.8 min5.2 min

MPI tracers

[80]

NA/84.1

MCP-PEG10K2

PEG 10 kDa (double layer)

Rats

2.79

62.1 min

MPI tracers

[80]

20.7-22.6/54-76

RL-1

PEG-silane

Mice

6.67³

6.99 h

MPI tracers

[231]

10/154

PEG-starch-IONPS

PEG-starch

Mice

12

2.7 h

Photothermal therapy (PTT) agents

[84]

13/178

PTX¹⁹@FA²⁰@PEG/PEI²¹-SPIONs

PTX-FA-PEG/PEI

Rats

NA

3.41 h

PTX delivery system

[85]