Fig. 4

Remodeling the intestinal microenvironment. Using a 3D bioprinting method, nanofibers or other materials are employed to produce nanoscaffolds in vitro. After that, intestinal epithelial cells are seeded onto the culturing scaffolds. The nanoscaffold's three-dimensional space enables cells to adhere, proliferate, and differentiate. Under the activation of specific factors, they further differentiate into specialized cells such as paneth cells, goblet cells, and so on, which collectively form the intestinal epithelial structure. The nanoscaffold's multidimensional space is used to enable microbial survival. In vitro, nanoscaffolds re-establish spatial and temporal connections between intestinal epithelial cells and microbes