Fig. 6

Cell killing efficiency of VMF-triggered Fe₃O₄/BSA/LrSiO₂ under different conditions. Effects of the a VMF frequency, b VMF exposure time, and c Fe₃O₄/BSA/LrSiO₂ concentration on Tu212 cell viability. In a, the concentration of Fe₃O₄/BSA/LrSiO₂ and VMF exposure time were maintained at 1 mg/mL and 1 h, respectively. In b, the concentration of Fe₃O₄/BSA/LrSiO₂ and VMF frequency were maintained at 1 mg/mL and 2 Hz, respectively. In c, the VMF frequency and exposure time were maintained at 2 Hz and 1 h, respectively. d SEM images of Tu212 cells incubated with Fe₃O₄/BSA/LrSiO₂ for 1 h followed by VMF (2 Hz) exposure for 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 h, respectively (the red arrows indicate the representative holes caused by the mechanical force, the blue arrows indicate the representative microspheres). In all cases, the VMF strength was maintained at 400 mT. Significance levels observed were ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05