Fig. 4

The immunoregulation of PRBS on the behaviors and functions of macrophages. a Schematic illustration: the effect of PRBS in regulating the behaviors and functions of macrophages. PRBS can promote the proliferation of macrophages, enhance the phagocytic ability of macrophages and increase the secretion of bioactive molecules from macrophages. b PRBS (100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL) dramatically promoted the proliferation of macrophages. c Fluorescence images for the phagocytosis of macrophages. Saline and 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a positive stimulator) was used as negative control and positive control. The value of △mean intensity was obtained according to the formula: The value of △mean intensity = (The value of fluorescence intensity from test samples—The value of fluorescence intensity from negative control samples) × 100%. d The production of bioactive molecules (NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) from macrophages. Saline and 1 μg/mL LPS were used as negative control and positive control. e The expression of MHC-I and CD86 on B cells (CD45R⁺) from either PRBS-RBD protein nanovaccine group (10 μg RBD protein and 50 μg PRBS per each injection) or traditional RBD protein vaccine group (10 μg RBD protein per each injection). f The expression of MHC-I and CD80 on DC (CD11c⁺) from either PRBS-RBD protein nanovaccine group (10 μg RBD protein and 50 μg PRBS per each injection) or traditional RBD protein vaccine group (10 μg RBD protein per each injection). g The expression of MHC-I and CD86 on B cells (CD45R⁺) from either PRBS-HIV plasmid nanovaccine group (10 μg HIV plasmid and 50 μg PRBS per each injection) or traditional HIV plasmid vaccine group (10 μg HIV plasmid per each injection). h The expression of MHC-I and CD80 on DC (CD11c⁺) from either PRBS-HIV plasmid nanovaccine group (10 μg HIV plasmid and 50 μg PRBS per each injection) or traditional HIV plasmid vaccine group (10 μg HIV plasmid per each injection).All values were expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05