Fig. 3

Fullerenol improved hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory. A, B The number of crossing squares and rearing in open field test indicated that exploratory activity of rats were normal. C–F The performances of rats in Morris water maze, including latency to the correct platform during training period, time-spent in the correct area, latency to the correct area and velocity, indicated that fullerenol improved the learning and memory. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey-test post hoc analysis was used in the training period of the Morris Water Maze. One-way ANOVA with Tukey-test post hoc analysis was for all other studies. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 compared with the lead-exposed group. N.S. not significant