Fig. 1

SV-induced anti-fibrosis, PA-mediated macrophage repolarization, and synergistic effect of the drug combination. A Western blot analysis of fibroblast activation-associated α-SMA in L929 cells induced by TGF-β with varying exposure duration. B The inhibition of fibroblast activation after SV treatment. C Scheme of SV-induced anti-fibrosis. D The heatmap and E mRNA levels of M1-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-12) and markers (e.g., CD86 and iNOS) in PA-treated inflammatory peritoneal macrophages measured by qPCR. F, G Western blot analysis of Akt/MAPK/NF-κB pathway-related biomarker and M2-related MR expression after PA treatment. H Scheme of macrophage repolarization after PA treatment. I, J The downregulation of the pro-inflammatory IL-6 and fibroblast activator TGF-β after drug treatment with different combined molar ratios, as measured by q-PCR