Fig. 3
From: Emerging nanotechnology-based therapeutics to combat multidrug-resistant cancer
Strategies using various nanomaterials functionalized and surface modified with appropriate ligands that reach the target site and deliver the drug to overcome MDR. Active targeting and transporting the drugs to the tumor site allow nanosystems to inhibit the efflux of proteins, modulate the expression of anti-apoptotic genes and also enhance intracellular drug retention based on responses to different stimuli (light, X-rays, and gamma-rays). Metallic nanosystems facilitate the optical, thermal, and magnetic imaging of solid tumors