Table 5 Reversal of cancer multidrug resistance via quantum dots, carbon-based nanomaterials and mesoporous nanoparticles

Quantum Dots (QDs)

1

Elacridar conjugated QDs

Doxorubicin

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (Bel-7402/ADR Bel-7402/ADR cells)

Specific binding of QDs to P-gp efflux pump active site, inhibition of drug efflux and enhanced doxorubicin retention

[331]

2

MPA-COOH- CdTe QDs

–

Human breast cancer (SK-BR-3 cells)

Small size QDs interact with ABC efflux transporters and block efflux efficacy

[332]

3

Cysteamine-CdTe QDs

Daunorubicin and Gambogic acid

Lymphoblastoid cells (Raji, Raji/DNR) and BALB/c nude mice

Downregulation of P-gp protein expression, drug retention and enhanced apoptotic mechanism

[333]

4

CdTe-QDs

Daunorubicin

Human hepatocarcimoma (HepG2/ADM) cells and nude mice

Inhibition of P-gp drug efflux pumps and overexpression of apoptosis-related caspase proteins with inhibition of tumor development

[334]

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)

5

MWCNTs

N-Tamoxifen and Quercetin

Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 cells) and Wistar rats

N-TAM mediated P-gp inhibition and enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity and control of tumor growth

[335]

6

P-gp antibody tagged-MWCNTs

–

Mouse fibroblast cells (T3T-MDR1 cells) and NCI/ADR-RES spheroids cells

P-gp specific cellular uptake of CNTs and enhanced phototoxicity in MDR cells

[306]

7

MWCNTs

–

Human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line

Alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential by elevated intracellular ROS, further inhibition of ABC-mediated efflux transporters

[336]

Mesoporous nanoparticles

8

PEI-PEG functionalized mesoporous NPs

P-gp specific siRNA (siP-gp) and Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7/MDR cells) and MCF-7/MDR xenograft mice

P-gp silencing, intracellular drug uptake and retention and inhibition of tumor growth

[337]

9

Mesoporous silica NPs

γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs)

Cervical cancer (HeLa cells), Human embryonic kidney (HEK293 cells), Breast cancer (T47D, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7 cells) and MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice

MSN-GSI nanoformulations actively block Notch signaling in intestinal cancer stem cells

[213]

10

FITC-mesoporous silica NPs

Camptothecin

Pancreatic cancer (PANC-1, Capan-1, AsPc-1), Colon cancer (SW480) and stomach cancer (MKN45) cells

Enhanced drug delivery within cells and drug-mediated apoptotic cell death

[338]