Fig. 1

Profile of cell recruitment and EV analysis in the implant model. a Flow cytometry analysis of cell types recruited to PVA sponges 2 days post-implantation focusing on the macrophages (orange), inflammatory monocyte (red), neutrophils; (green), dendritic cells (purple), and T cells (blue). Mean + SD, n = 7 independent experiments with supporting statistical analysis in Fig S1. b Mean cell type distributions in the PVA sponges 7 days post-implantation. Mean + SD, n = 4 independent experiments, t-test comparison test. c Mean cell type distribution of cell types in PVA sponges 14 days post-implantation. Mean + SD, n = 10 independent experiments, t-test comparison test (Supporting statistical analysis shown in Supplementary Fig. 1). d Schematic of EV isolation workflow based on density gradient ultracentrifugation. e A representative example of the validation studies defining size distribution and light scatter on WT and db/db EVs by vFRed analysis. f Immunoblot showing the specific EV markers (CD81, CD9, CD63, and Alix) in the density gradient fractions on the WT vs. db/db EVs. n = 6 independent experiments. g Transmission electron microscopy of WT vs. db/db EVs at 100 k magnification, size bar = 100 nm. All representative images showed as observed in three independent experiments