Fig. 4

In vivo analyses of the ability of TiSe₂-mediated SDT to promote the maturation of DCs and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. a Schematic overview of the experimental design employed to analyze in vivo immune responses to TiSe₂-mediated SDT. b In vivo analyses of tumor cell apoptotic and necrotic cell death in response to TiSe₂-mediated SDT treatment as detected via TUNEL and H&E staining. Scale bar: 100 µm. c, d The maturation of DCs was detected in tumor-draining lymph nodes from Panc02 tumor-bearing mice by flow cytometry following TiSe₂-mediated SDT, with cells being stained with a Live/Dead stain and antibodies specific for CD11c, CD80, and CD86. e–g Murine serum TNF-α, IL-12p40, and IL-6 levels were quantified at 24 h post-TiSe₂-mediated SDT treatment in the indicated groups. SDT, sonodynamic therapy; US, ultrasound; DCs, dendritic cells. Data are means ± SD (n = 5), and were compared via one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post hoc testing. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001