Fig. 9

Oral and gut microbiome taxonomic composition histograms of each sample are shown at phylum (A/C) and genus (B/D) levels separately. At the phylum level, all bacteria were used to draw the bar graph. At the genus level, bacteria with relative abundances less than 0.5% in all samples were classified as ‘others’. Con treatment with PBS, Lig ligature and treatment with PBS, Fn ligature with F. nucleatum inoculation, AuNCs ligature with alternate applications of F. nucleatum and AuNCs (0.4 mM)