Fig. 2

CNPs significantly inhibited HK-2 cell damage induced by oxalate and enhanced cell viability. A The effect of varying concentrations of oxalate solution on the viability of HK-2 cells; B The capacity of different concentrations of CNPs to protect injured HK-2 cells; C H&E stain of the HK-2 cells in different groups; D, E Calcein-AM/PI) staining and corresponding fluorescence semi-quantification F the released amount of LDH in different groups. CNPs protection time: 24 h; CNPs concentration: 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 µg/mL; Oxalate damage concentration: 1 mM; Oxalate damage time: 24 h; C, D magnifications were ×100, scale bar = 200 μm; * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, **** indicates P < 0.0001, ns indicates P > 0.05, no significant difference