Fig. 1

Expression of TSPAN4 in human PVR membranes clinical sample, normal donated retina and vitreous bodies. A Immunofluorescence analysis of TSPAN4 (green) in normal donated retina section and normal RPE in RBCC. RPE65 is the marker of the RPE cells. The Müller cells are labeled with GFAP (red) and microglia cells labeled with CD11b (red). Scale bars, 25 μm. B Immunofluorescence analysis of TSPAN4 (green) in PVR membranes. Scale bars, 25 μm. C The expression of TSPAN4 in vitreous bodies from donated human eyes (normal control group), idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane (IERM) and PVR patients, and subretinal fluid from PVR patients were detected by western blots. The percentage of TSPAN4⁺ samples, as detected by western blot, in each group was calculated. n = 5 in each group. D Observation of PVR membrane by TEM. Yellow arrows indicated the vesicles out of the cell. The extracellular vesicles released by cells are shown in the amplified picture. GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; M, melanin