Fig. 7
The effect of exosomes on the regulation of bone metabolism. a Schematic representation of the co-culture model. Cell growth and migration were significantly increased in all regions following exposure to PEP. PEP indicates purified exosome product. Reproduced with permission [73]. b The tendon-derived stem cell differentiation is enhanced by adipose-derived stem cell exosomes (Alizarin Red S staining). Real-time PCR analysis showed the EHC significantly induced upregulation of osteogenic marker RUNX2. EHC: Adipose-derived stem cell exosome–hydrogel complex. Reproduced with permission [103]. c Schematic diagram of the tendon-bone healing model. \({\mathrm{BMMSC}}^{\mathrm{Scx}}\)-exos inhibit osteoclastogenesis and improve tendon-bone healing. (TRAP, and safranin O-fast green staining). \({\mathrm{BMMSC}}^{\mathrm{Scx}}\) indicates Scx-overexpressing PDGFRα (+) BMMSCs; \({\mathrm{BMMSC}}^{\mathrm{Ad}}\) indicates the control group; SF indicates soluble factors. Reproduced with permission [89]