Table 2 Summary of exosomal miRNAs involved in tendon-bone healing
miRNAs | Stem cell source | Models | Biological functions in tendon–bone healing | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-21-5p | Magnetically actuated human BMSCs | A rat model of ACLR | Significantly prevented peri-tunnel bone loss, promoted more osseous ingrowth into the tendon graft, increased fibrocartilage formation at the tendon-bone tunnel interface, promoted ECM production and tissue fibrosis in tendon-bone healing | [88] |
miR-23a-3p | Genetically modified Scleraxis-overexpressing PDGFRα(+) BMSCs | A mouse model of the anterior cruciate ligament tendon-bone healing | Dramatically reduced osteoclast formation and improved tendon-bone healing strength | [89] |
miR-140 | Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation-preconditioned mice BMSCs | A murine rotator cuff repair model | Promoted tendon-bone interface fibrocartilage regeneration and ameliorated supraspinatus fatty infiltration | [90] |
miR-23a-3p | Rat BMSCs | A rat model of ACLR | Promoted M1 macrophage to M2 macrophage polarization, reduced the early inflammatory reaction at the tendon-bone interface and promoted early healing after ACLR | [91] |