Scheme 1.
Design of biomimetic nanovaccines. a Acid terminated (light pink circle) PLGA was formulated into antigen/immunostimulant loaded nanoparticle (A/I NP—pink circle) encapsulating antigens IpaC or IpaB44-310 or an immunostimulant, LPS. b IpaC encapsulated nanoparticle suspended in IpaC solution for surface adsorption of IpaC (electrostatic interaction—yellow circle) was termed as Nanovaccine 1 (NV1). c A/I NPs surface modified with CpG DNA (covalently linked- green circle) on the basis of EDC-NHS chemistry. d IpaC encapsulated nanoparticle, surface modified with CpG DNA, suspended in IpaC solution for surface adsorption of IpaC was termed as Nanovaccine 2 (NV2). e All 3 types of A/I NPs surface modified with CpG DNA suspended in IpaC solution for surface adsorption of IpaC, was termed as Nanovaccine 3 (NV3). f Pictorial representation of the formulations—NV1, NV2 and NV3. g Antigen/Immunostimulant content in each nanovaccine- NV1 has one antigen IpaC, NV2 has one antigen IpaC with one immunostimulant CpG DNA and NV3 involves two antigens IpaB44-310 and IpaC along with two immunostimulants CpG DNA and LPS