Fig. 1

A schematic illustration showing that LA-loaded hydrogels relieve post-tumor resection pain and promote the killing of residual tumor cells by CD8⁺ T cells. A Preparation of PFRM hydrogel. B PFRM sustainedly blocks the conduction of pain signals from the peripheral to the central nervous system. C Mechanism of PFRM preventing tumor recurrence. First, imiquimod promotes the DCs maturation and primes tumor specific CD8⁺ T cells; second, ropivacaine upregulates MHC-I levels in tumor cells and facilitates their recognition by CD8⁺ T cells; consequently, postoperative analgesia with PFRM prevents tumor recurrence through potentiating CD8⁺ T cells immunity