Table 2 Summary of MXene applications in biosensors

Electrochemical biosensors

 Enzyme-based biosensors

Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/β-HBD

β-hydroxybutyrate

44.5 μM

360 μM–17.91 mM

0.480 μA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻²

Retained approximately 97.08% of its initial response to β-HBA after 7 days and 93.20% after 30 days

[77]

Tyr-Ti₃C₂T_x MXene

Phenol

12 nM

0.05–15.5 μM

414.4 mA·M⁻¹

Deviation (RSD) was 1.6%, for 7 successive determinations,

[78]

Ti₃C₂T_xMXene/graphene (MG)

Glucose

Detection sensitivity:

12.10 µA·mM⁻¹

Negligible current decrease over 300 scanning cycles

[80]

 Affinity Sensors

  Nucleic acid-based biosensors

Ti₃C₂T_xMXene

Gliotoxin

5 pM

5 ~ 10 nm

[83]

Au/Ti₃C₂T_xMXene

MicroRNA

microRNA-21: 204 aM microRNA-141: 138 aM

500 aM ~ 50 nM

[84]

  Immunosensors

Ti₃C₂-MXene/GC

Carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA

0.1 pg–2 mg/mL⁻¹

37.9 µA·ng⁻¹·mL·cm⁻²

[88]

  Molecular imprinting sensors

Ti₃C₂T_x MXene

Amyloid-β protein

0.3 fg·mL⁻¹

1.0 fg·mL⁻¹ ~ 100.0 fg·mL⁻¹

[87]

Fluorescent/Optical biosensors

 Fluorescent quenching agent

a Cy3-labeled CD63 aptamer (Cy3-CD63 aptamer)/Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes

Exosome

1.4 × 10³ mL^–1

10⁴ ~ 10⁹ mL^–1

[92]

FAM-labeled ssDNA probe/Ti₃C₂T_x MXene

HPV-18

100 pm

[97]

 MQDs

Ti₃C₂ MQDs

Fe³⁺

310 nM

5 ~ 1000 μM

The RSD of the sensor for 10 and 250 μM of Fe³⁺ was 1.1% and 1.2%,

[56]

ε-poly-L-lysine (PLL)/Ti₃C₂ MQDs

Forcyt-c, trypsin

cyt-c: 20.5 nM;

trypsin: 0.5 ~ 80 μg/mL

cyt-c: 0.2 ~ 40 μM;

trypsin: 0.1 μg/mL

[93]

FET

Ti₃C₂T_xMXene

Dopamine

100 nM

100 nM ~ 50 mM

[94]