Fig. 4

Intracellular ROS generation and pyroptosis induced by metal-gallate nanoparticles. a DA-DCFH fluorescence of MG-63 tumor cells exposed to PBS, GA, FeGA, MnGA and CaGA Nanoparticles. The scale bar is 20 μm. b, c MG-63 cells were cultured with PBS, GA, FeGA, MnGA and CaGA for 6 h, and flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis ratios for each group (Annexin V⁺ cells). d Bright field images of morphology of MG-63 cells after different treatments. e Representative western blots of N-terminal gasdermin E (N-GSDME), Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expressions in MG-63 cells treated with different formulations above. f Caspase-3 activity which was tested by Caspase 3 Activity Assay Kit in MG-63 cells treated with different formulations above. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 (when compared with Blank group). ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001(when compared with group of GA)