Table 1 List of representative nanocarrier platforms for TACE therapy of HCC

Liposome

PEGy-lated liposomal; nano flexible liposomes; RLBNs

Drug-carrier; embolic agent

Decrease in systemic toxicity of free drug; improve delivery to tumor tissue; prolonging drug circulation and delaying its release

[47,48,49]

SPION

SPIO;

USPIO; SPION@PDA

MRI contrast; drug-carrier;

embolic agent; PTT

Improve the detection of viable tumors; improve drug loading capacity; reduce systemic toxicity; sustained drug release;

synergistic enhancement of PTT and chemotherapy; prevent drug resistance

[50,51,52,53,54]

Metal oxide NPs

Iron Oxide; ZrO₂;

Fe₃O₄;

As₂O_3;

ATONP

MRI contrast; drug-carrier;

embolic agent

Improve the detection of viable tumors; improve drug delivery and enhanced its antitumor efficacy; sustained drug release; ferroptosis amplify the antitumor efficacy

[55,56,57,58,59,60,61]

Metal NPs

Tantalum NPs; Gold nanospheres

Drug-carrier; X-ray contrast; embolic agents; PTT

Real-time imaging; long-term non-invasive re-examination;

synergistic enhancement of PTT and TACE therapy

[62, 63]

HAP

HAP;

poly-L-lysine-modified HAP nanoplex

Embolic agent; gene vector

Combined gene therapy, embolic therapy, and nanotherapy at the tumor site; prevent resistance of chemotherapies

[64, 65]

Polymeric NPs

PLGA

Drug-carrier; embolic agent

Biodegradable; sustained drug release; stabilized lipiodol emulsion

[66, 67]

Polymer gel

SELPs;

hydrogels

Liquid embolic agent;

X-ray contrast agent;

drug-carrier

Enhanced embolization capacity; facilitate permeation of tumor vasculature; pH response; resist revascularization; imaging; prolong drug retention

[23, 68,69,70]