Table 2 Multifunctional nano-formulations used in TACE therapy of HCC

Gold nanospheres

HAuNS, lipiodol

Drug-carrier; PTT; embolic agent

DOX

[63]

Nano-clusters

pMNCs, lipiodol

Drug-carrier; embolic agent; MRI

DOX

[73]

Nanocomposites

α-Fe₂O₃ nanocubes, PDA, and lipiodol

Drug-carrier; PTT; embolic agent; MRI

DOX

[74]

UiO-66/Bi₂S₃ NPs

Drug-carrier; PTT; embolic agent

DOX

[75]

BSA, CuS NPs

Drug-carrier; PTT; embolic agent; MRI

DOX

[76]

Microspheres complex

Carrageenan, inhexol and SPION

Biocompatibility, Drug-carrier; embolic agent; imaging (MRI and X-ray)

DOX

[53]

Gelatin and Fe₃O₄ NPs

Drug-carrier; PTT; embolic agent; MRI

ADR

[60]

Alginate and USPIO NPs

Biocompatibility; Drug-carrier; embolic agent; MRI

AMO

[52]

Calcium alginate and tantalum NPs

Drug-carrier; embolic agent; X-ray imaging real-time

DOX

[62]

USPIO nanocluster and alginate

Drug-carrier; embolic agent; MRI

MEAN

[77]

PDA, SPION

Drug-carrier; PTT; embolic agent; MRI

DOX

[54]

Microbubble complex

Albumin NPs and Lipiodol

Drug-carrier; drug release triggered by ultrasound; real-time monitoring

DOX

[78]

Hybrid composites

PVA and iron oxide nanoshell

Drug-carrier; embolic agent; MRI

DOX

[55]