Fig. 1

Characterization of nanoparticles. A TEM images of E7-NPs, MDP-NPs, and E7-MDP-NPs. High magnification, scale bar = 500 nm. B Average size distributions of the nanoparticles detected by DLS. C Average zeta potentials of the nanoparticles detected by DLS. D–G E7 and MDP release profiles of the nanoparticle-encapsulated E7 and MDP in PBS and DMEM medium with 10% FBS in vitro. H The formation of E7-MDP-NPs@ALG hydrogel in vitro and in vivo at 1 h after the injection. I Characterizations of the formation and persistence of E7-MDP-NPs@ALG hydrogel at the injection site in vivo