Fig. 2

Nanoparticles in combination with MDP and/or β-glucan promote antigen uptake and maturation by BMDCs. A Viability of BMDCs after incubation with different nanovaccine formulations for 24 h. B Laser confocal microscopy analysis of antigen uptake by BMDCs. Cells were incubated with nanovaccines at 37 °C for 12 h. C FACS analysis of antigen uptake by BMDCs. Cells were incubated with nanovaccines at 37 °C for 8 h. D and E FACS analysis of the expression of the maturation markers CD80, CD86, MHC I, and MHC II. BMDCs were incubated with different concentrations of MDP or β-glucan or different formulations of nanovaccines for 24 h. F Lysosomal escape assay of E7-MDP-NPs in BMDCs. E7 was labeled with FITC (green), lysosomes were visualized with LysoTracker (red), and nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons posttest