Fig. 1

Mechanical force promotes BMDM-mediated BMSCs osteogenesis. a Schematic illustration. b-f qRT‒PCR analysis of the mRNA expression of osteogenic genes and Western blotting of RUNX2 protein levels in BMSCs after treatment with conditioned medium from MS-BMDMs (n = 3). g Relative intensity analysis from f (n = 3). h, i ALP staining and Alizarin red staining of BMSCs after treatment with conditioned medium from MS-BMDMs. Scale bar: 100 μm. j Representative TEM images of MS-BMDM-EXOs. Scale bar: 200 nm. k Particle size distribution of MS-BMDM-EXOs from NTA. l Western blotting of the exosomal markers CD63, and TSG101, and the cell marker Calnexin. m Concentration of BMDM-EXOs and MS-BMDM-EXOs from NTA (n = 3). Data are shown as the mean ± SD. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons were performed. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001