Fig. 9

Mechanisms of AR-NADR against drug-resistant HCC cells. A Representative flow cytometric analysis of JC-1 staining to detect MMP depolarization in HepG2/DDP cells treated with PBS, AR-NA, AR-NAR, DDP, AR-NAD, and AR-NADR for 12 h. B The production of ROS was detected by DCFH-DA in HepG2/DDP cells upon different treatments for 12 h. C Representative flow cytometric analysis of AnneXinV-FITC/PI-stained HepG2/DDP cells after incubation with different treatments for 12 h. D The proportion of HepG2/DDP cells in the lower quadrant (representing damaged mitochondrial cells). E Effects of different treatments on the intracellular ATP contents of HepG2/DDP cells. F The DCFH-DA mean fluorescence intensity after various treatments of HepG2/DDP cells. G The apoptosis rate of HepG2/DDP cells upon indicated treatments. Data are presented as the means ± SD (n = 3) (intergroup comparisons: ****p < 0.0001)