Table 1 Summary of strategies for targeting and remodeling the cellular TME
Cellular TME | Remodeling strategy | MNDDSs | Guest drug | Application | Tumors | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor blood vessels | Destroying existing vessels | tHMSN | DOX | Endothelial cells and angiogenesis inhibition | Breast cancer | [116] |
MSN-FTC | Suramin/paclitaxel | Migration inhibition of activated endothelial cells and angiogenesis inhibition | Breast cancer | [117] | ||
Normalizing tumor vessels | M-MSN_VEGF; siRNA@PEI-PEG-KALA | VEGF-siRNA | VEGF gene silence and angiogenesis inhibition | Ovarian carcinoma | [107] | |
NPs@DA | DA | Inhibiting migration of vascular endothelial cell and tubule formation | Breast cancer | [122] | ||
USMNs-CL | SO/UA | Increased cell apoptosis, downregulated expression of EGFR and VEGFR2 proteins | Hepato-cellular carcinoma | [112] | ||
ODMSN- AQ4N-LOX | LOX/AQ4N | Downregulated VEGF expression and anti-angiogenesis | Breast cancer | [114] | ||
CAFs | Inhibiting function of CAFs | (Losartan + DOX) @HMPBs | LOS/DOX | Inhibiting the secretion function of CAFs; | Breast cancer | [123] |
Pep-APCDs@Fe/DOX-LOS | LOS/DOX/Fe | Enhanced inhibition of LOS on CAF; | Breast cancer | [124] | ||
Immune cells | Removing the immuno-suppressive factors | DTIC@CMSN + aPD1 | DITC | Promoted DITC cytotoxicity; enhanced immuno-therapy efficiency | Melanoma | [130] |
sAZD1080 | AZD1080 | Suppressed PD-1 expression | Colorectal tumor/lung and pancreas cancer | [131] | ||
Limiting the release or activation of immunosuppressive factors | Fe3O4-SAS@PLT | SAS | Immune response triggered by ferroptosis; TAMs repolarize to M1 phenotype | Breast cancer | [132] | |
DMON-SNO | SNO/Tetrasulfide | Increased intracellular NO to polarize TAMs to M1 phenotype | Breast cancer | [135] | ||
CeO2@MSNs@IR780/Met | Met/IR780/CeO2 | Hindered MDSCs tumor infiltration, relieved TME hypoxia; enhanced immune response and PDT | Melanoma | [136] | ||
DACHPt Silicasome | Pt/DACHPt | Chemotherapy; ICD | Pancreas cancer | [138] | ||
Enhancing the activity of immune factors | MON@KP1339 | KP1339 | Amplified KP1339 ICD; boost antitumor immune responses | Breast cancer | [139] | |
UCMS@Pep-aPDL1 | AL-9/Atezolizumab | NIR Laser-mediated PDT and peptide-augmented immune response and ICB therapy | Lung cancer | [140] | ||
Cu-DMONs/DOX | Cu2+/DOX/Tetrasulfide groups | GSH deletion by Fenton reaction; amplified ICD; stimulated APC maturation | Breast cancer | [142] | ||
MSN-CpG@CM | CpG | Enhanced accumulation in lymph nodes and immune activation | Melanoma | [144] | ||
BMT@LA + US + αPDÂL1 | LA | Enhanced oxidative stress; improved antitumor immuno- therapy | Cervical cancer | [145] | ||
A/D/I-dHMLB | ATRA/DOX/IL-2 | Chemo-immuno-therapy | Melanoma | [148] |