Fig. 5

IGK@SeNP promotes autophagy in H₂O₂-treated NPCs. A Western blotting analysis of the expression of autophagy-related proteins (BECN1, ATG7, LC3B, and SQSTM1/p62). B Densitometric analysis of autophagy-related protein levels. C, D IF staining of LC3B in NPCs incubated with IGK, SeNP, and IGK@SeNP in the presence of H₂O₂ stimulation. Scale bar = 20 μm. E, F TEM analysis of morphology and the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in NPCs. Red arrows indicate autolysosomes with single membranes, while black arrows indicate autophagosomes with double membranes. M indicates mitochondria. Scale bar = 1 μm (upper row) and 500 nm (lower row). n = 3, mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 compared to the H₂O₂ group, †p < 0.05 compared to the IGK group