Fig. 5

Characterizations of lymph node distribution and subsequent immune responses. (A) Scheme of vaccines with different sizes or surface charges accumulation in inguinal lymph nodes (ILNs) and subsequent immune responses in vivo. (B) In vivo imaging and fluorescence statistics. (C) Flow cytometry detection of vaccine uptake by dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mø) in ILNs. (D) Fluorescence images of ILNs frozen sections. Scale bars are 200 μm. (E) Flow cytometric detection of the expression levels of surface molecules MHC-II and CD86 in DCs. (F) Representative flow cytometry histograms of Kb-SIINFEKL expression in DCs and macrophages. (G) Detection of in vivo antigen cross-presentation levels of DCs and Mø by flow cytometry. (H) Immunofluorescence analysis of lymph node sections at day 6 postvaccination. Data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 3) from three independent animals. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001)