Remodeling the hepatic fibrotic microenvironment with emerging nanotherapeutics: a comprehensive review

Table 2 Preclinical NPs for the treatment of liver fibrosis

NP type	Target cell	Effect	Refer.
PEG/PVA NPs	MDDCs	Activating APCs and triggering the activation of CTL to produce long-term memory immunity	[123]
Fullerene-derived NPs	DCs	Th1 polarization response	[124]
PLGA NPs	DCs	Disrupting antigen processing and	[125]
GO	DCs	Disrupting cross-presentation	[126]
SPION	DCs	Reducing CD4 + T cell activation	[127]
SAS-NPs	moDCs	M2 macrophages to M1 phenotype and restored the activity of CD8 + T cells	[121]
Silica NPs	DCs	Generating pro-inflammatory cytokines through the P2X7R	[118, 122]
XL-MSNs	macrophages	Promoting M1 to M2 and inducing pyroptosis	[134, 135]
HA-PEI NPs	macrophages	Modulating the polarity of macrophages	[136, 137]
TiO2 anatase NPs	Macrophages, neutrophils	Inducing CD8 + T cell response initiation	[140]
TiO2, CeO2, and ZnO NPs	neutrophil	decreasing CD35 but increasing CD66b and CD63 expression	[145]
siVCAM-1 NPs	neutrophil	exerting an anti-inflammatory effect	[144]
SWCNTs	neutrophil	inhibiting both neutrophil migration and adhesion	[146]
Nanoparticle-bound NKT	NKT	activating T cell immune responses	[149]
USSN	T cell receptors	promoting T-cell activation, migration, and phenotypic transformation	[150]
lipid NPs	T-cell	anti-CD3-conjugated	[151]
liposomal PHA	T-cell	mediating T-cell activation	[152]
LNPs	CD4 + cells	mediating T-cell activation	[155]

ISSN: 1477-3155