Fig. 1

EVs biogenesis and structure. a the shed midbody remnants are released during cytoplasmic division and have a diameter, ranging from 200 to 600 nm; b exosomes are the smallest EV subpopulation, produced by the fusion of MVBs with the cell surface and the release of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), with a size of 50–200 nm; c microvesicles are larger than exosomes, formed by the direct outward budding of the plasma membrane, with a diameter range of 100–1000 nm. d apoptotic vesicles are found during apoptosis with sizes, ranging from 100 to 5000 nm [4, 5]