Table 2 Comparisons of different SERS biosensors for the detection of subtypes of SARS-CoV-2

Label-SERS

SARS-CoV-2 S protein SARS-CoV S protein MERS-CoV S protein

Anti-spike antibody attached gold nanoparticles

5 min

4 pg/mL

N/A

[104]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein other influenza viruses

DNA aptamers-Au nanopopcorn

15 min

10 PFU/mL

SARS-CoV-2 lysis solution

[107]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein

Hollow Au NPs, and magnetic beads

30 min

2.56 fg/mL

SARS-CoV-2 lysis solution

[108]

Breath volatile organic compounds

Ag nanocubes

5 min

N/A

aerosol

[126]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein

Au membranes

N/A

17 virus/μL

saliva

[127]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein HIV-1 P24

AuNPs films

N/A

6.07 fg/mL

untreated saliva

[128]

Label-free SERS

SARS-CoV-2 S protein SARS-CoV S protein

Au nanoneedle array

5 min

80 copies/mL for SARS-CoV-2

Contaminate Water and simulated urine sample

[6]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, et al

AuNP array

20 min

N/A

throat swabs or sputum

[109]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein H1N1 Marburg and Zika virus

field-enhancing metal − insulator antenna

25 min

10⁴ copies/mL

viral lysate solutions

[110]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein SARS-CoV S protein

SnS₂

N/A

10^–12 M for SARS-CoV-2 S protein

PBS

[120]

SARS-CoV-2 RBD SARS-CoV S RBD

ACE2 mimetic peptide-SERS substrate

 ≥ 30 min

300 nM for SARS-CoV-2 RBD

PBS

[129]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein SARS-CoV-2 N protein

Au/Cu nanostar

N/A

8.89 × 10^–9 M for SARS-CoV-2 S protein

70% ethanol

[121]

SARS-CoV-2 S protein influenza viruses H1N1

AgNPs/SiNWs

Few minutes

9.3 × 10⁻¹² M for SARS-CoV-2 S protein

PBS

[130]

SARS-CoV-2 Other influenza viruses

DNA aptamers-AgNPs

7 min

5.5 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL for SARS-CoV-2

Mixture of fetal bovine serum, L-Gln, penicillin / streptomycin

[131]