Fig. 4

RNA-seq and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) results. RNA sequencing of 143B cells after treatment of normal saline as Control, Ca, DPA, or DPAC. A The landscape of up-and-down regulated DEGs number distributed between groups that compare with each other (PBS + laser vs Au@FePt + laser + X-ray, PBS + laser vs AuNCs + laser, AuNCs + laser vs Au@FePt + laser + X-ray). log₂FC > 1.5 was defined as upregulation (red) and log₂FC < − 1.5 was defined as downregulation (gray-blue). The landscape of DEGs distribution between control (PBS treatment) and Au@FePt + laser + X-ray groups. Colored points represent FDR < 0.05 (− log (FDR) ≥ 1.5, dashed line), log₂FC > 1.5 upregulated genes (yellow) and log₂FC < − 1.5 downregulated genes (red). B GO enrichment analysis of DEGs for the Au@FePt + laser + X-ray treated mice. A Fisher’s exact test displayed significance levels (− log₁₀ Q-value, size). The number of genes enriched in each GO term and the Q value were marked next to each bar. C Bar plot showing the top 19 enriched KEGG pathways for DEGs in the Au@FePt + laser + X-ray treated mice. The number of genes enriched in each pathway and the Q value was marked next to each bar. KEGG pathway analysis of from Au@FePt + laser + X-ray treated mice and PBS treated glioblastoma. enriched p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. D A heatmap shows apoptosis/ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes between treatments. Color intensity represents the degree of expression value of this gene after standardized treatment in each sample. Relative expression levels are shown in red (up-regulation) and blue (down-regulation). E PPI network demonstrating specific gene interaction pathways derived from representative DEGs, and yellow nodes represented the locations of a hub node. PPI network consists of specific genes encoded by representative DEGs. F The Circos plot visualizes significant associations between 32 representative DEGs and KEGG pathways in a different color. Icons marked the 15 cancer-relative KEGG pathways enriched by representative DEGs