Fig. 4
From: Extracellular vesicles: emerging roles, biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in fibrotic diseases
EV-mediated intercellular communication in cardiovascular fibrosis. Under pathological conditions, adipocytes secreted EVs exacerbate cardiac scarring via delivering profibrotic signals to endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile fibroblasts can be activated by EVs from cardiomyocytes and immune cells through different cargos. In the blood vessels, pathological EVs released by atherosclerotic plaques spread atherogenesis to distant tissues