Extracellular vesicles: emerging roles, biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in fibrotic diseases

Table 1 EVs as biomarkers for fibrotic diseases

Fibrotic organ	Disease	Source of EVs	EV Cargos/Markers	Expression	Ref.
Liver	biliary cholangitis /biliary atresia	serum	lncRNA H19	↑	[38, 39, 41]
	HCV	plasma	miR204-5p, miR181a-5p, miR143-3p, miR93-5p and miR122-5p/DIAPH1	↓/↑	[42]
	NAFLD	plasma	CD14⁺/CD16⁺	↓	[43]
	liver cirrhosis	plasma	CD31/41⁻	↑	[44]
	liver cirrhosis	plasma	AV⁺	↓	[45]
Lung	IPF	BALF	miR-142-3p, miR-33a-5p/ let-7d-5p	↑/↓	[59]
	IPF	BALF	CD56, CD105, CD142, CD31 and CD49e	↑	[60]
	IPF	BALF	WNT-5a	↑	[50]
	IPF	urine	miR-let-7d, miR-29a-5p, and miR-181b-3p/ miR-199a-3p	↓/↑	[62]
	MVPF	BALF	ncRNAs	undefined	[61]
Heart/Vessel	HF	plasma	miR-425, miR-744	↑	[75]
	atherosclerosis	plasma	miR-23a-3p, miR-92a-3p	↑	[71, 76]
	AF	serum	lncRNA MIAT	↑	[77]
	senescence	serum	HSP70	↓	[78]
Kidney	CKD	urine	miRNAs and mtRNAs	undefined	[102, 103]
	CKD	urine	circ_0036649	↓	[104]
	glomerular disease	urine	circ_0008925	↑	[105]

ISSN: 1477-3155