Table 3 Effect of preconditioned and engineered EVs in fibrotic diseases therapy
From: Extracellular vesicles: emerging roles, biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in fibrotic diseases
Precondition/Engineering strategy | Origin | Method | Model | Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hypoxic | BMMSCs | culture MSCs under hypoxia condition (0.5% O2) | mouse MI | improve cardiac function and reduce scar size | [157] |
cytokine Preconditioning. | BMMSCs | pretreat MSCs with IL1β, IL6 and TNFα | mouse colitis | induce macrophage M2 polarization, decrease dintestinal fibrosis and angiogenesis | [158] |
cytokine preconditioning. | hucMSCs | pretreat MSCs with TNFα | rat urethral stricture | inhibit fibroblast inflammation, suppress urethral fibrosis and stricture | [159] |
cargo loading | ADSCs | transfect GDNF into ADSCs via a lentiviral transfection system | mouse UUO | reduce tubulointerstitial fibrosis | [164] |
cargo loading | ADSCs | transfect miRNA-181-5p to ADSCs | mouse liver fibrosis | inhibit HSC activation, reduce liver fibrosis | [165] |
cargo loading | BMMSCs | transfect CFZF-VPR into BMMSCs via plasmid | human bronchial epithelial cells | activate CFTR | [166] |
cargo loading | mouse satellite cells | transfect Lamp2b-RVG vector and miR29 into mouse satellite cells | mouse UUO | target kidney, inhibit TGF-β signaling pathway, alleviate renal fibrosis | [167] |
membrane modification | ADSCs | modify the surface of ADSC-EVs with vitamin A derivative by phospholipid insertion | mouse liver fibrosis | target active HSCs, reverse the fibrotic cascade | [169] |
combination with biomaterials | BMMSCs | extrude IONP-incorporated MSCs serially and obtain IONP-incorporated NVs | rat MI | improve the retention of EVs in the infarcted heart, reduce cardiac apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis | [172] |
combination with biomaterials | ADSC/ murine stem cells | combinate EVs with a thermoresponsive hydrogel and inject locally at 4 °C | pig esophageal fistula/rat colon fistula | retain EVs in the entire fistula tract, decrease inflammatory response and fibrosis, increase angiogenesis | |
cargo loading, membrane modification | fibroblast | fuse the membrane of clodronate loaded liposome with fibroblast derived EVs and load it with Nintedanib | mouse PF | deplete Kupffer cells, target fibroblast and accumulate in fibrotic lung, reduce lung fibrosis | [170] |