Fig. 4From: Image-guided cancer surgery: a narrative review on imaging modalities and emerging nanotechnology strategiesThe enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a critical element in the design of cancer nanomedicine and is an essential part of drug delivery that targets solid tumours. Active targeting added to passive targeting based on EPR can improve tumour accumulation and retention. Passive accumulation occurs initially (1), with target-specific binding arising as a synergic strategy (2), even if the nanocarrier is intended for active targetingBack to article page