Fig. 1

Characterization of Ti₃C₂ MXene and C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. a Schematic diagram for the fabrication of Ti₃C₂ MXene and C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. b, c SEM images of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX powder presenting a dense lamellar structure containing impacted layers. d, e SEM, f TEM, g, h HRTEM, i dark-field STEM images and corresponding element mappings (for Ti, C, and O) and j AFM image of FL Ti₃C₂ MXene after intercalation with TPAOH. k, l SEM and m TEM images of C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. n TEM images of CaO₂ NPs. o Raman spectra of Ti₃C₂ MXene and C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. p XRD patterns of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX powder, Ti₃C₂ MXene, CaO₂ NPs and C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. q, r XPS curves for (q) Ti₃C₂ MXene and (r) C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. Representative images of three replicates of each group are shown