Fig. 2

Sono/chemodynamic performances of the C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. a–d XPS spectra of (a) Ti 2p, (b) Ca 2p, (c) O 1 s and (d) C 1 s in C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. e Zeta potentials of Ti₃C₂ MXene nanosheets, CaO₂ NPs, Ti₃C₂-NH₂, and C-T@Ti₃C₂ composite nanosheets. f Particle-size distribution of the C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets dispersed in water and saline as tested by DLS. g Schematic illustration of the SDT and CDT performances of C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets via the DPBF probe and the TMB probe, respectively. h, i Comparison of (h) SDT performances of C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets via the amount of DPBF degradation by over different oxidation durations and (i) CDT performances of C-T@Ti₃C₂ nanosheets using TMB probe over different oxidation durations. j Fluorescence changes in DCFH-DA in the presence of different materials upon US irradiation. k, l ESR spectra of (k) singlet oxygen and (l) hydroxyl radical detection using TEMP and DMPO, respectively, as spin trapping agents after different treatments