Fig. 3

Evaluation of local heat generation from the photothermal conversion of GNPs in PHNs under light illumination. a Schematics of computational simulation parameters (i.e., R, r, and d) and modeling environment. b Computational simulation for the absorbed cross-section of PHNs according to the diameters of single GNP (r), from left (r = 3) to the right (r = 5) for (i) R = 100, (ii) R = 80, and (iii) R = 60. c Absorption power map profile for the degree of local heat generation for various values of R, r, and d. d GNP packing density-dependent absorption power plots at 550 nm by changing the R. e Representative TEM images of the PHNs with various integration densities of GNPs (Scale bar: 50 nm). f Normalized absorbance spectra of the PHNs and GNS. g Monitoring of heat generation by 100 µL PHNs and 80 nm GNS. (i) Infrared thermal images. (ii) Thermal elevation curves with heating and cooling period (n = 3)