Fig. 8

Non-metallic nanoparticle-based strategies for diagnosis of respiratory viruses. A Schematic of a the fluorescence-based lateral flow immunoassay; step 1 depicts the system principle, step 2 shows antigen binding to the conjugates and their flow along the strip to the test spot, and step 3 displays capturing of flow excess conjugates. Reproduced from [175] with permission from Springer. B—a Schematic of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based system for H5N1 influenza detection; b plots of fluorescence intensity exhibited by different concentrations of target H5N1 ssDNA (red graph) and non-target DNA (black graph). Reproduced from [183] with permission from Elsevier. C—a Schematic of the fluorometric system for detection of influenza subtypes viral genes; b DNase I treatment and fluorescence difference after GO incubation; c increase in fluorescein amidite (FAM)-DNA probe fluorescence with PCR cycle progression Reproduced from [188] with permission from Elsevier. D—a Schematic of ACE2-SWCNT nanosensor formation; b Schematic of ACE2-SWCNT nanosensor interacting with viral spike protein; c fluorescence spectrum showing strong turn-on fluorescence response after addition of 10 mg/L SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (final concentration) to the ACE2-SWCNTs. Reproduced from [191] with permission from the American Chemical Society